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ACAPEXAAF

ARM Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (ACAPEX): Aerial Observations

14 January 2015 - 27 February 2015

Lead Scientist: L. Ruby Leung

Observatory: AAF, ACX

The western United States receives precipitation predominantly during the cold season when storms approach from the Pacific Ocean. The snowpack that accumulates during winter storms provides about 70-90% of water supply for the region. Understanding and modeling the fundamental processes that govern the large precipitation variability and extremes in the western U.S. is a critical test for the ability of climate models to predict the regional water cycle, including floods and droughts. Two elements of significant importance in predicting precipitation variability in the western U.S. are atmospheric rivers and aerosols. Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow bands of enhanced water vapor associated with the warm sector of extratropical cyclones over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Because of the large lower-tropospheric water vapor content, strong atmospheric winds, and neutral moist static stability, some ARs can produce heavy precipitation by orographic enhancement during landfall on the U.S. West Coast. While ARs are responsible for a large fraction of heavy precipitation in that region during winter, much of the rest of the orographic precipitation occurs in post-frontal clouds, which are typically quite shallow, with tops just high enough to pass the mountain barrier. Such clouds are inherently quite susceptible to aerosol effects on both warm rain and ice precipitation-forming processes.

This campaign comprised the deployment of the DOE ARM Mobile Facility 2 (AMF2) and the ARM Aerial Facility (AAF) G-1 in a field campaign called ARM Cloud Aerosol Precipitation Experiment (ACAPEX), which took place in conjunction with CalWater 2 – a NOAA field campaign. The joint CalWater 2/ACAPEX field campaign aimed to improve understanding and modeling of large-scale dynamics and cloud and precipitation processes associated with ARs and aerosol-cloud interactions that influence precipitation variability and extremes in the western U.S. The observational strategy consisted of the use of land and offshore assets to monitor:

  1. the evolution and structure of ARs from near their regions of development
  2. the long-range transport of aerosols in the eastern North Pacific and potential interactions with ARs
  3. how aerosols from long-range transport and local sources influence cloud and precipitation on the U.S. West Coast where ARs make landfall and post-frontal clouds are frequent.

The AMF2 was deployed on a research vessel offshore and provided critical measurements to quantify the moisture budget and cloud and precipitation processes associated with ARs and to characterize aerosols and aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions associated with aerosols from long-range transport in the Pacific Ocean. The G-1 aircraft probed the clouds that form over the ocean and their transformations upon landfall as well as the orographic effects over the coastal range and the Sierra Nevada. The G-1 flights provided the critical information needed for comparing the simulated and observed processes of the vertical profiles of cloud microstructure and the resultant precipitation initiation and glaciation. This allowed the development and validation of more realistic simulations that replicated the aircraft measurements and thus quantified more reliably the entities that cannot be obtained directly by the aircraft measurements to improve understanding and modeling of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions. ARM Operational Periods: ARM Mobile Facility 2: 2015.01.12—2015.02.12 ARM Aerial Facility: 2015.01.02—2015.02.27

Timeline

Campaign Data Sets

IOP Participant Data Source Name Final Data
Jennifer Comstock 2D-S Particle Size Order Data
Paul DeMott Ice Spectrometer Order Data
Paul DeMott Continuous Flow Thermal Diffusion Chamber - Aboard Aircraft Order Data
John Hubbe Ambient Winds- AIMMS Order Data
John Hubbe Particle Volume Monitor Order Data
Alyssa Matthews Cloud Droplet Probe Order Data
Alyssa Matthews High Volume Precip Spectrometer Order Data
Alyssa Matthews Water Content Monitor Order Data
Fan Mei Cloud Condensation Nuclei Counter Order Data
Fan Mei Cloud Aerosol Precip Spectrometer(CAPS)/Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP) Order Data
Fan Mei Condensation Particle Counter Order Data
Fan Mei Fast Cloud Droplet Probe (FCDP) Order Data
Arthur Sedlacek Single Particle Soot Photometer Order Data
Stephen Springston Carbon Monoxide and Nitrous Oxide Order Data
Jason Tomlinson Cloud and Aerosol Spectrometer Order Data
Jason Tomlinson Cloud Spectrometer and Impactor (CSI) Order Data
Jason Tomlinson Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Order Data
Jason Tomlinson Ultra High Sensitivity Aerosol Spectrometer- G1 Aircraft Order Data

ACX Data Sources

Name Full Name Browse Data
AERI Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer Browse Data
AOS Aerosol Observing System Browse Data
AOSMET Meteorological Measurements associated with the Aerosol Observing System Browse Data
CCN Cloud Condensation Nuclei Particle Counter Browse Data
CEIL Ceilometer Browse Data
CEILPBLHT Boundary-layer height data with CEIL Browse Data
CEILSHIPCOR Ceilometer Corrected for Ship Motion Browse Data
CPC Condensation Particle Counter Browse Data
CSPHOT Sunphotometer Browse Data
HSRL High Spectral Resolution Lidar Browse Data
HSRLSHIPCOR HSRL Corrected for Ship Motion Browse Data
HTDMA Humidified Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer Browse Data
IRT Infrared Thermometer Browse Data
KAZR Ka ARM Zenith Radar Browse Data
KAZRSHIPCOR KAZR Ship Motion Correction Browse Data
LSSONDE Microwave Radiometer-Scaled Sonde Profiles Browse Data
MPL Micropulse Lidar Browse Data
MPLCMASK Cloud mask from Micropulse Lidar Browse Data
MPLPOLFSSHIPCOR MPL Corrected for Ship Motion Browse Data
MWACR Marine W-Band (95 GHz) ARM Cloud Radar Browse Data
MWACRSHIPCOR MWACR Ship Motion Correction Browse Data
MWR Microwave Radiometer Browse Data
MWR3C Microwave Radiometer, 3 Channel Browse Data
NAV Navigational Location and Attitude Browse Data
NAVBE Navigational Location and Attitude Best Estimate Browse Data
NEPHELOMETER Nephelometer Browse Data
OZONE Ozone Monitor Browse Data
PBLHT Planetary Boundary Layer Height Browse Data
PRP Portable Radiation Package Browse Data
PSAP Particle Soot Absorption Photometer Browse Data
RWP Radar Wind Profiler Browse Data
SONDE Balloon-Borne Sounding System Browse Data
S-TABLE Stabilized Platform Browse Data
TSI Total Sky Imager Browse Data
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Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) | Reviewed March 2025