Dust in the Wind at SAIL

 
Published: 28 July 2022

Editor’s note: Daniel Feldman, the principal investigator for the Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) campaign in Colorado, provided the following blog post with contributions from SAIL co-investigators Ken Williams, Allison Aiken, S. McKenzie Skiles, and Jeff Deems.

An imprint is left in the snow from a storm board that measures snow accumulation.
This storm board measures snow accumulation deployed to the SAIL auxiliary measurement site at Kettle Ponds to validate remote-sensing precipitation measurements. Photo is courtesy of Curtis Beutler and Alex Newman, both from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory.

The seasonal changes in the Colorado Rocky Mountains are so dramatic that it is scarcely possible to imagine a pleasant summer in the depths of winter. The thoughts of lounging outside in the heat seem quite distant when the temperature is routinely below 0 F. But between the frigid winter and the glorious summer, the spring transition always occurs.

The meters of snowpack all melt during a time the locals affectionately (or perhaps tongue-in-cheek) call “mud season.” The spring is slushy, the snow is dirty and patchy, the mud is sticky and slippery, and tourists are—for a time anyway—in short supply.

At the same time, this transition period is incredibly important for water resource management. When and where the snow melts determines both who and what can use it and how much water makes its way down into streams, rivers, and reservoirs. A number of atmospheric processes dominate this melt: Increased solar radiation and temperatures work together with dust and other aerosols to melt the snow.

In 2021/2022, the Rockies experienced a winter full of weather whiplashes. The total snow accumulation was about average relative to the 30-year climatology from 1991–2020, but it set the stage for the main water resource event, and provided a prime opportunity to test the scientific community’s understanding of the spring transition.

It may come as a surprise to learn that before 2022, ARM, with its hundreds of field campaigns worldwide, had yet to measure the full spring melt in high-altitude complex terrain. That has now changed: SAIL collected observations in the Crested Butte, Colorado, area this past spring and has stories to tell!

While the total precipitation for winter 2021/2022 was close to the climatological average, the spring melt was anything but typical. The atmosphere forced the snowpack with all the subtlety of a Mack truck. This was one of the dustiest springs of the last 10 years across the Rockies, and for Colorado, one of the windiest ever recorded.

The late winter and early spring snowfall blunted some, but not all, of the dust’s effects on snow.

Springtime measured snow depth in Irwin, Colorado
The springtime measured snow depth in Irwin, Colorado, shows the impact of snowstorms and snowpack processes. The data were collected near the SAIL area in 2020 (gray line), 2021 (blue line), and overlapped with SAIL data in 2022 (black line). Graph is courtesy of S. McKenzie Skiles, University of Utah.

The MODIS Dust Radiative Forcing Product over the Upper Colorado River in 2021/2022 shows a regular springtime increase due to snowmelt, with large variability in spring due to competing effects from spring dust storms and snowstorms. Graph is courtesy of Skiles.

SAIL data show exactly how atmosphere and surface properties are related in the East River Watershed this past spring. Dozens of ARM instruments observed how much solar and thermal energy flowed into the snowpack to drive its melt, how dust made its way from the atmosphere to the surface, the wind patterns throughout the watershed, and where precipitation was and was not occurring that might mask the dust.

Aerosol Observing System instruments measured several large dust events in May, as shown with high particulate scattering in the supermicron size range. Additional analysis revealed that wind trajectories brought in smoke from wildfires in northern Arizona.

A scattering time series shows max scattering of 80 Mm-1 on May 9. Two scattering events reached 50 Mm-1, and one was recorded at 30 Mm-1.
This time series of supermicron aerosol scattering from the ARM Aerosol Observing System at SAIL shows the specific timing of when spring dust storms affected the East River Watershed before the measurements of snow albedo by the Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) on May 18.

ARM also deployed a key aerial asset to SAIL: the tethered balloon system. Test flights in early May showed the tenuous nature of the snowpack. Vertically resolved measurements of aerosols also highlighted where dust was most concentrated in the atmosphere.

Side-by-side images of the ARM tethered balloon system
ARM launched its tethered balloon system from Gothic Townsite for SAIL test flights on May 5 (left) and May 14 (right). Images are courtesy of Dari Dexheimer, Sandia National Laboratories.

The ASR-funded SAIL-Net project is collecting data to establish spatial and elevational gradients in surface aerosols, while DOE’s Watershed Function Science Focus Area is tracking the snowpack and its discharge.

Snow surveys from the Airborne Snow Observatory captured the distribution of snow depth, snow-water equivalent, snow albedo, and dust radiative forcing of the snowpack on April 21 and May 18. About half the snowpack remained in the watershed on the latter date, in spite of having little to no snow at lower elevations.

Together, SAIL and partners have stories of this wild spring, but the data surely contain many more stories yet to be uncovered from this “mud season” in the Rockies.